EMMA LARKINS FINDING GEORGE ORWELL IN BURMA Essay

EMMA LARKINS FINDING GEORGE ORWELL IN BURMA - Essay Example The army heightened a state of lawlessness that denied and extorted the people’s little resources to fulfil their political responsibility and unsustainable democracy in their society. The military government of Burma has showed similarities with the British colonial government in many ways for example it led to split of allegiances among different ethnic groups and also between the indigenous people of Burma (Larkin, 2011).  Also ethnic minorities were not allowed to acceses land, it also resulted to religious conflicts between the muslims, budhist, hindus and Christians in Burma. Their was aslo displacement of citizen both inside and outside Burma. Besides forced labour by the military has also been expirieced which has led to the human rights violation as well as explotaiton of the minority goups. Some of the tools used by post colonial government of Burma was one the tgroup identity where the minority were given the priority to manage local properties and istitutions. secondly rebellion rebellion was employed where the minority were rqruited into the police army surpressing the majority Burman. Thirdly the nationalist tool was used where the Burmese language and ethnicity was emphasized because of the cultural and religious diversity of Burman. The fear to loose power as suggested by Aug snag suu kyi led to all injustices of human right violation, ethnicity,forced labour and so on in Burman. Leaving Burma alone fear has been employed in many countries for example employees who advocate for their rights are threatened to be arrested hence they fear and step down.

Carrefour A French Multinational Retailer Marketing Essay

Carrefour A French Multinational Retailer Marketing Essay Introduction Carrefour, a French multinational retailer, was establised by the Fournier and Defforey families as a supermarket in 1959. In 1963, new concept hypermarket, was discovered and invested. Since then, Carrefour owned up to 5,200 stores worldwide, reaching out to 26 countires and region (refer to appendix A). In particular, for Asia, Carrefour have invested in China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Indonesia, India as well as Singapore with approximately 361 hypermarkets, 17 supermarkets and 2 other formats of stores (refer to appendix B). Opening its first store in 1997, Carrefour was the first to introduce hypermarket concept in Singapore, where everything can be purchased under one roof (aisaone business 2012; Krishnan 2012). Oxford dictionaries (online) defines hypermarket as a very large self-service store with a wide range of goods and a large carpark typically situated outside a town. Carrefour had two stores in Singapore; Suntec City and Plaza Singapura. Subsequently, in 2000, Giant, a major hypermarket retailer, joined the market, competing with Carrefour. As a result, Carrefour was not progressing well. Reported by numerous news (refer to appendix C), in a press release on 28 August 2011, Carrefour announced the decision to close its two stores in Singapore by the end of 2012. This decision was reached because Carrefour realized that there is no expansion and growth prospect in Singapore that brings them to a leadership position in the long term. Marketing Problem Segmentation/ Customer Research For 15 years, Carrefour has been providing consumers with one-stop service but it did not turn out as expected. Concluded by Krishnan (2012), Carrefour came in with the mind-set that consumers in Singapore would avoid frequent shopping and hence, would buy as much as possible within a trip. Unfortunately, this prediction was not accurate as this behaviour was not seen popular in Singapore. In addition, both Carrefours outlet was located in central hub which in customer perspective brings significant inconvenience such as high travelling cost and traffic congestion. Moreover, Carrefour does not offer unique products that appeal to consumers, enticing them to choose Carrefour over other retailers and local grocery shops (Krishnan 2012). As a result, Carrefour was observed to be targeting at the wrong country and customer segment, facing huge hurdle in attracting consumers with their one-stop shopping proposition, location and products offered. Sales and Distribution Research Being a hypermarket that offers a wide range of food items and non-food items such as appliances and clothing, Carrefour is in a direct competition position with grocery retailer, supermarket such as NTUC FairPrice (Ng 2012) as well as appliances chains such as Best Denki (Krishnan, 2012), which might eventually affect their sales. On top of these competitors, Giant, a hypermarket open by Dairy Farm Group, is their major competitor. Reported by Krishnan (2012), Giant offers consumer lower price, compensating and outweighing travelling cost. Giant is also able to control consumers behaviour as products sold seems to be more appealing to broader segment of market. Hence, with these competitors at hand, Carrefour did not operate as well as expected. Looking at Carrefours 2011 sales report, illustrated in the pie chart below, the highest contributor of 43.2% is France. Aisa, has the lowest contribution of merely 9% which is approximately à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬73 Million (with the closure of Malaysia and Thailand stores). Source: http://www.carrefour.com/cdc/finance/key-figures/our-key-figures-/key-figures-folder/breakdown-sales.html In addition, reported by TODAY news (2012), in 2009, Aisa has accounted for 7.9% of Carrefours total sales of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬85.9 billion, with Singapore contributing only à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬85 Million (TODAY/CNA 2012). Comparing it with 2011 annual report, sales revenue in Singapore have decreased. Therefore, the failed in Carrefour may be due to its strong competition in Singapore with its direct and indirect competititors. Objectives The main purpose of this research proposal is to investigate the perception of consuerms towards Carrefour against their competitors in Singapore. The objectives of the research proposal are as follows: To evaluate Carrefours performance in comparision to its competitors To examine factors influencing consumers behaviour in patronizing its preferred hypermarket/supermarket retailer To ascertain what kind (demographic, geographic, psychographic, behavioural) of consumer frequent Carrefour To investigate the degree of brand loyalty consumer have towards Carrefour Research Design Research Question With the aim of achieving the objectives set, research questions have to be formulated. The following are some example pertaining to the research proposal. Which of the supermarket respondent most frequent? In selecting a supermarket, what are the factors that respondent consider most? Rate the level of awareness respondent have towards Carrefour (1 being the most and 7 being the least) How frequent do respondent shop at any of Carrefours outlet? What are the prominent difference between Carrefour and other supermarket? Research Method Aliaga and Gunderson (2000) quoted from Muijs (2011, p.1) defines quantitative research as a method that explains the phenomena of collecting numerical data that are analysed using some mathematically based methods, in particular statistics. The researcher will thus be adopting a quantitative approach, employing primary research personal survey method, focusing on the phenomenon of consumers decision for patronizing a supermarket; their intentions, behaviour and attitude (A study on factors considered by consumers for patronizing a retail outlet 2010) and gather information on consumer awareness towards Carrefour compared to its competitiors. Personal Survey Malhotra and Birks (2007, p.265) and Malhotra (2010, p.211) defines survey as a method that gathers information based upon questioning respondents a variety of questions regarding their behaviour, intentions, attitudes, awareness, motivations and demographic and lifestyle characteristics. Most researcher noticed that survey is simple to administer and hence is a popular quantitative measure amongst all. Although it is argued that survey can be uncontrollable as respondents may be unable or unwilling to provide accurate responds (especially to motives or sensitive questions), it is recognised that due to the limited alternatives available, data collected will be consistent across and variability of results will be reduced (Malhotra 2010; Malhotra and Birks 2007; insights from decision point 2012). Rea and Parker (2012) further argues that commercial enterprises often use surveys to formulate market strategies for the potential widespread use, performance of new and existing products as well as finding out their market value. These aligns to the researchers aim and objective, to gather information on factors that affects consumer patronage behaviour as well as perception of consumer towards Carrefour. Furthermore, due to the surveys fixed-response alternative questions nature and consistent data gathered, coding, analysing and interpreting of survey results are relatively simplier for researchers compared to observation or experiment method. Appendix D shows a diverse survey techniques, and compares them against numerous factors, shown on appendix E. Personal interviwing street survey, occurs when respondents are intercepted while shopping or walking on the street (Malhotra and Birks 2007). Personal survey technique is a method to collect relevant data from target group and evaluation becomes easier (A study on factors considered by consumers for patronizing a retail outlet 2010), generalising the entire target population from a small amount of data gathered (Rea Parker 2012). Additionally, personal survey allows the researcher control the environment, to source for potential surveyee personally, collecting data from the right target segment (Gibran 2010; Rea Parker 2012). Moreover, response rate in persoanl survey can be significantly high as compared to other methods such as mail survey and speed of collecting data is also moderately high. Due to the characteristics of personal survey in appendix E, personal survey will be conducted by the researcher on consumers who patronize any supermarket or hypermarket in Singpaore to collect valuable data on their patronizing behaviour and their level of awareness towards Carrefour against their competitors. Formulate a plan Gibran (2010) suggested that, survey techniques includes selecting respondents randomly from the studied population in an unbiased mannar and having a standardized questionnaire for all respondents. However, Rea and Parker (2012) claims that physical characteristics of surveyee such as attire, cleanliness, manners etcetera is important when selecting respondent. On top of that, sample survey, where data will only be collected from a fraction of the studied population (Statistics Canada 2003, p.2; Rea Parker 2012), will be exploited by the researcher. It is noted that sample survey provides a economical and quicker way of obtaining sufficient information in the field. Hence, in this research, studied population refers to a representative number of consumers, particularly middle-aged women, who patronize any supermarket in any given time. As mentioned, there are two different issues. To attain the objectives, the questionnaire will be targetting at these two issues seperately where specific questions will be asked sequentially. First part of the questionnaire will focus on the factors affecting consumer partonage behaviour while the second part on consumers awareness towards Carrefour. Structured questionnaire, the degree of having a standardisation on data collection (Malhotra and Birks 2007), will be executed by the researcher in a formal and prearranged order,thus having a direct collection process. Although unstructured questions allows respondent to best express their attitudes and opinions towards the topic discussed (Malhotra 2010, p. 343), it will not be address as this is a quantitative research. Hence, the questionnaire will only contain structured questions. Most questions in the questionnaire will be in a likert scale (nominal scale) and respondents will be required to rate them accordingly base on their attitudes and behaviour. Rea and Parker (2012) recommends that sample size must be selected in an appropriate microcosm of the working population. They further concludes that larger samples yield higher degree of accurancy than smaller samples and hence researcher have to weigh the degree of accurancy with time and cost available. Analyze Data Before collating the results through computer-assisted programme, coding will be employed to facilitate capturing of data. This means that researcher will be allocating numerical values to every possible result of each question, giving it meaning (Malhotra 2010; Malhotra Birks 2007). Structured questions will be coded before the fieldwork is performed, while for unstructured questions, responses will be coded after the fieldwork (Statistics Canada 2003; Malhotra 2010, p.455). After which, coded values will be stored into the computer to analyse the questionnaires. As explained by Statistics Canada (2003, p.3), computer-assisted programme enables researcher to directly enter questionnaires into the computer and data will be captured and transform into readable format. Another benefit to computer-assisted programme is that inconsistent and invalid data will be identified instantly for researcher, providing a user-friendly and convenient form of identifying invalid data. The computer-assisted programme used will be SPSS, where data will be analysed into tabular or graphical form (Rea Parker 2012), making comparisons and interpret results for statistical analysis that will be reflected in the research proposal. As this research is about consumers behaviour towards patronizing, the research requires multivariate statistical technique where there are two or more measurements of each element and the variables are analysed simultaneously (Malhotra 2010, p.466). As mentioned, this research involves understanding the patronage behaviour. Hence, responses of the factors that affect respondents behaviour are dependent on each other. For example, respondent patronage behaviour will depend on the location, price, products offered etc. As such, referring to appendix F, a classification of multivariate techniques, the researcher is able to evaluate results with several methods such as cross-tabulation. Conclusion In summary, with the intention of discover the factors to consumer behaviour as well as establishing Carrefours market position in Singapore, the researcher have decided to employ personal survey method. Survey results will be analysed through coding followed by SPSS thereafter by the researcher to interpret these surveys into readable tables and graphs. Limitation Survey may seem to be the best suitable method for this research but it is time-consuming. As mentioned, this research is base on sample survey, which implies that it will not be 100% accurate as not everyone in the studied population is surveyed. Expected contribution With the mentioned objectives, and the methods used to meet these objectives, the researcher believes that this research will be able to contribute to Carrefour in analysing the reasons to their failure in Singapore, thus making improvements in other countries. This research can also set Carrefours management to react fast to changes in other international market, expending their market and prospects.

Global Warming Essay -- Environmental Global Climate Change

Global Warming Global warming is an important factor because every one in the world but most importantly for me it will effect all of my relatives, as it is predicted that countries such as Bangladesh will be totally fooled due to global warming. Global warming interest me because the planet we live in is changing and the change that is happening will effect the way we live and how the future generations live. It has direct effects on the us and the relatives we have all over the, for ex This changes which will likely to alter the natural weather and climate patterns is largely because of human activities in the last century. Scientists believe that the Earth's surface temperature has risen by about 1 degree Fahrenheit in the past century. They also believe that most of the warming over the last 50 years is due to human activities. We have changed the amounts and the types of gases in the atmosphere. Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. What causes global warming? Green house effect. Gases such as Carbon dioxide are normally used to keep the earths at a temperature average level. Which is comfortable for us and the environment. How does the greenhouse effect work? As shown on the diagram the suns heat passe through the atmosphere, some of this heat is absorbed by the earth, and some of it is reflected back by the earth and the atmosphere. The heat that is released by the earth is also passed into the atmosphere, and some is reflected back into the earth and the surrounding gas. This keeps the planets temperature at a comfortable level, which allows plants, an... ...Ã… ¸ Buy energy-efficient appliances. Ã… ¸ Replace your light bulbs with compact fluorescent bulbs. Ã… ¸ Weatherise your home or apartment. Ã… ¸ Choose renewable energy. Ã… ¸ Plant more trees Ã… ¸ Change farming practices Ã… ¸ Political action What’s already being done? Ã… ¸ More efficient cars have been made, which release less pollution. For example most cars are fitted with catalytic converters. Ã… ¸ Cars can now use other forms of power, e.g. electricity, hydrogen and even cooking oil. Ã… ¸ Energy saving homes. Ã… ¸ Government laws stop big companies from producing too much pollution. Ã… ¸ Energy saving products introduced, e.g. fridges, cookers, and lights. Ã… ¸ More use of tidal, wind, solar and nuclear energy Ã… ¸ To stop people using cars more taxes. And people are advised to use public transport.

Health: Obesity and Overall Personal Feelings

The health/nutrition problem that I will be targeting will be my weight. The other problems will be affected by the weight which would be blood pressure, risk of getting diabetes, low energy, depression, etc. Four nutritional or physical exercise goals that I have are to lose at least 100 pounds, lower blood pressure, increase energy and confidence and lower risk of obtaining any other health problems such as diabetes. The actions that will be taken to meet each goal are to obtain a membership to an exercise facility, obtain a membership with a trainer, and work with trainer on an exercise plan and a nutritional plan as well. The anticipated setbacks or difficulties and approaches for overcoming them are the temptations to eating unhealthy foods in which I will remove myself from the situation so those temptations will not be available, loss of interest when it comes to actually going to working out either alone or with trainer in which I will change plan slightly to keep motivated enough to keep going. What I see as outcomes by which to measure success is the way that clothes are fitting will help determine the success of weight loss and weigh-in once a week to determine weight loss success. Evidence of the Plan’s effectiveness in addressing the identified problem or need will be the main piece of evidence in which will be my overall personal feelings and looks after goal is reached. Evaluation of potential health risks that may develop if the plan is not implemented is if I don’t follow through with this goal of losing the weight needed in order to improve my health then the risks involved could be higher blood pressure, end up diabetes, possible heart attack, depression worsens, etc. There are many different ways that my plan may be adjusted if there is a time when I am not physically capable of following through. I could step down the cardio workouts that I am currently on now. At this time I do between 30 to 45 minutes cardio Monday through Friday in the early morning before work. After working a full eight hours on my feet at work I then do an hour walk home. In the past when I was having abdominal pains I would remove the walk home from work.

Class President Speech

†¢Good evening, Mr. Robinson, Ms. Divine, distinguished Candidates and I’m honored to know many of you too well to call you Ladies and Gentlemen†¦Errhhhmmmm. Class of 2014, I’m going to be straight with you. I’m not superman, I cant stop world hunger, convince Mr. Roach to give a free day, teach my roommate Coulter to dance or even bobsled. I can try but it would really take a miracle to teach Coulter how to bust a move. Just look at him. †¢I’m running for class president. Many of you may not even know what the class president does and some probably forgot we even had one.Nevertheless, I’m here to challenge first myself and then you. The challenge is to uphold the principles of a School culture based on(Listen up(someone in crowd), 3 important values) Community, School spirit and Accountability. †¢Our number one responsibility is to our school and by this I mean school and class collaboration. It would buuurn to see the last seme ster of Junior year just fizzle. I want people to be interested and involved, and I’m willing to challenge myself to go the distance to motivate our class. We are the Junior Class of 2014.In 3 short months this is our school. My aim is to make you feel more appreciated, more recognized and more supported. †¢ Another principle of mine, Accountability. Were a class with the collaborative potential to enact anything we desire. As a Junior straight out of Jamaica I bring a whole new perspective. You see, serving as Student Council president at my last school involved far more formality. Impromptu announcements in front of 1600 students weekly, organizing fund raisers, talent shows, school clean ups and alumni concerts.These were all stepping stones to this opportunity. If elected I will make this position more than just a formality because I truly want this year to be special for us and I want to set precedents that will make junior year distinctive for every future class. à ¢â‚¬ ¢Community- My last, favorite and shortest point. I have plans to utilize the connectedness of our class to brainstorm fundraising plans that bring out the excitement, spirit and energy of this class. †¢Class of 2014, if you vote wisely tonight we will continue to make being a St. Andrean something incredible. Class President Speech †¢Good evening, Mr. Robinson, Ms. Divine, distinguished Candidates and I’m honored to know many of you too well to call you Ladies and Gentlemen†¦Errhhhmmmm. Class of 2014, I’m going to be straight with you. I’m not superman, I cant stop world hunger, convince Mr. Roach to give a free day, teach my roommate Coulter to dance or even bobsled. I can try but it would really take a miracle to teach Coulter how to bust a move. Just look at him. †¢I’m running for class president. Many of you may not even know what the class president does and some probably forgot we even had one.Nevertheless, I’m here to challenge first myself and then you. The challenge is to uphold the principles of a School culture based on(Listen up(someone in crowd), 3 important values) Community, School spirit and Accountability. †¢Our number one responsibility is to our school and by this I mean school and class collaboration. It would buuurn to see the last seme ster of Junior year just fizzle. I want people to be interested and involved, and I’m willing to challenge myself to go the distance to motivate our class. We are the Junior Class of 2014.In 3 short months this is our school. My aim is to make you feel more appreciated, more recognized and more supported. †¢ Another principle of mine, Accountability. Were a class with the collaborative potential to enact anything we desire. As a Junior straight out of Jamaica I bring a whole new perspective. You see, serving as Student Council president at my last school involved far more formality. Impromptu announcements in front of 1600 students weekly, organizing fund raisers, talent shows, school clean ups and alumni concerts.These were all stepping stones to this opportunity. If elected I will make this position more than just a formality because I truly want this year to be special for us and I want to set precedents that will make junior year distinctive for every future class. à ¢â‚¬ ¢Community- My last, favorite and shortest point. I have plans to utilize the connectedness of our class to brainstorm fundraising plans that bring out the excitement, spirit and energy of this class. †¢Class of 2014, if you vote wisely tonight we will continue to make being a St. Andrean something incredible. Class President Speech Biology Assignment 5 Question 1 The pancreas is a large gland, situated in the peritoneal cavity, in the curve of the duodenum. It is the pancreas that is responsible for aiding the body’s endocrine system. (Darlington College 2011). The pancreas releases two endocrine hormones and it is these hormones that ensure the blood glucose levels within the body are constantly controlled. These hormones are glucagon and insulin and they are secreted from tiny clusters of cells within the pancreas, know as the islets of Langerhans. Glucagon is a hyper- glycaemic hormone, secreted by the islets alpha cells.Its main function is to increase the level of glucose in the blood. This is a vital process when blood sugar levels become low. Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down its excess glycogen into glucose. The glucose then passes into the blood stream and the homeostasis of blood glucose level is restored. Insulin is a hypo- glycaemic hormone that is secreted by the islets beta cells, in response to high blood glucose levels. Insulin decreases the level of glucose in the blood by stimulating its uptake by the skeletal muscles, liver and adipose cells.The skeletal muscles uptake glucose, to give energy for movement and the glucose that travels to the liver is converted into glycogen, and stored here until it is needed. The adipose cells use glucose for cell metabolism. Once sufficient glucose has been removed from the blood, the beta cells slow the secretion of insulin, so that homeostasis is again restored. (Glenn, 2005, pg84). Both insulin and glucagon are vital to ensure that the body constantly has enough fuel to supply its cells with the energy needed to enable them to function normally. Question 2 Peter’s normal blood glucose concentration will be approximately 4. mmol. After he eats his balanced meal his blood sugar levels will rise to around 8. 0mmol. This is because Peter’s meal will contain carbohydrates. In response to this rise in blood sugar levels insulin is secreted by Peter’s pancreas’s beta cells. The release of insulin facilitates the entry of glucose into his body cells and this vital process maintains the energy levels within the cell. When glucose is absorbed in the cells, the blood sugar levels fall again. This occurs because the excess sugar, present in the carbohydrates in Peter’s meal, that caused his blood sugar levels to rise, has been used up.This is what allows the blood glucose concentration to return to normal. (Glenn, 2005, pg85). When peters blood sugar levels drop, because he needs more food, glucagon is released from the pancreas alpha cells in response. Glucagon is a hormone that calls on the liver, which has its own glucose store, in the form of glycogen. Glycogen will release from the liver to allow the blood sugar to rise until it returns back to its normal rate. (Bowen, 2002). It is vital that Peter’s blood glucose levels are maintained at a normal rate, in-be tween his meals as large fluctuations in these levels can cause convulsions and could even induce a coma.Question 3 The body’s internal environment is constantly controlled and balanced by homeostasis. Homeostasis is the condition of equilibrium that is maintained through the body’s response to a change in conditions. There are many regulating systems within the body that work together to constantly control the internal environment. The nervous system and the endocrine system work very closely alongside one another to keep the body normal and in balance. Feedback systems are vital in keeping the body regulated. All feedback systems are made up of a receptor, a control centre and an effector.The receptor is able to detect any changes that may have occurred and send a message to the brain to tell it that it needs to respond. The brain acts as the control centre and is responsible for evaluating the messages it receives from the receptors. Once the messages have been proc essed the control centre generates a command, if one is needed. The commands are received by the effectors, which produce a response that is then able to change the controlled condition. (Darlington College 2011). A negative feedback system reverses the change in a controlled condition.When the body’s blood glucose levels fall too low, specialised receptors pick up this information and relay it the hypothalamus part of the brain, which forms the control centre. The hypothalamus then activates the response of the effector that allows the body’s blood glucose level to rise. When the levels become within normal range the receptors stop picking up the messages and no longer send them to the hypothalamus. This prevents the blood glucose levels then becoming too high and enables homeostasis of the internal environment to be restored. (Darlington College 2011). Question 4The body’s endocrine and nervous systems work very closely together to form the body’s major communication system. If a problem arises with one of these systems, homeostasis is upset. For instance: If the islets beta cells do not produce any insulin, such as in diabetes, the blood sugar levels will just continue to rise. This would cause extremely high blood sugar levels which would in turn go on to affect the body’s nervous system and could result in a coma occurring. The nervous system works in conjunction with the endocrine system by using nerve impulses and rapidly responding to stimuli, in order to adjust body processes.The integration of these systems is what enables homeostasis to constantly be maintained. (Facey, 2002). Reference List Bowen, R. (2002)The Endocrine Pancreas. http://www. vivo. colostate. edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/pancreas/index. html [10. 5. 2011]. Darlington College (2011) The Endocrine System. [21. 5. 2011]. Facey, D. (2002) The Nervous System. http://www. cartage. org. lb/en/themes/sciences/zoology/animalphysiology/nervoussystem/nervous system. htm [31. 5. 2011]. Glenn, J. (2005) Black’s Concise Atlas of Human Anatomy. London: A&C Black Publishers Ltd.

Macbeth Text Response Essay Example

Macbeth Text Response Essay Example Macbeth Text Response Essay Macbeth Text Response Essay Macbeth Text Response This deed, the murder of King Duncan, has unanticipated consequences for both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Discuss Macbeth, by William Shakespeare explores the theme of power, sleep and guilt. For Macbeth and Lady Macbeth to be able to be on the throne and fulfill the prophecy, they need to murder Kind Duncan. Unfortunately, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth didn’t think of the unanticipated consequences of committing the murder. The consequences that they are faced with include guiltiness, lack of sleep and broken relationships. The murder of King Duncan comes after Macbeth has heard the prophecies made by the witches. He was told that he will not only be Thane of Cawdor, but King of Scotland. Macbeth and Banquo discuss about the witches, and the latter believes that the witches are evil and tells Macbeth to beware of the prophecies. However, when Ross arrives to confirm the news that Macbeth is now Thane of Cawdor, he is willing to fulfil the witches’ prophecy to be king and starts thinking about the murder of King Duncan. ‘I am Thane of Cawdor. If good, why do I yield to that suggestion Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair And make my seated heart knock at my ribs, Against the use of nature? Present fears Are less than horrible imaginings. My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical,’ (Act 1, Scene 3, Lines 145-151, Pg 19) Macbeth sends his wife a letter detailing the encounter with the witches and about the prophecies they made. Lady Macbeth, also willing to be on the throne, immediately resolves to have Duncan killed to fulfill the prophecy. ‘The raven himself to hoarse That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan’ (Act 1, scene 5, lines 41, 42, Pg 24) That my keen knife see not the wound it makes’ (Act 1, Scene 5, line 55, pg 24) Macbeth arrives at the castle and announces that Kind Duncan will be there soon. Lady Macbeth and Macbeth begin to plot the assassination of the king. The latter arrives at the castle and is welcomed by Lady Macbeth. Macbeth debates whether or not he should kill Duncan, and after coming up with two strong arguments against the deed, he decided to go no further with it. ‘He’s here in double trust as I am his kinsman and his subject’ (Act 1, scene 7, Pg 28 lines 12, 13). ‘ s his host, who should against his murderer shut the door, not bear the knife himself’ (Act 1, scene 7, pg 28 lines 14-16). However, when Lady Macbeth reproves him for his cowardice, he responds, â€Å"I dare do all that may become a man/ who dares do more is none’ (Act 1, scene 7, pg 29 lines 50, 51), and he is convinced to go through with the plan. On the night of the assassination, Macbeth sees an imaginary dagger, leading him to Duncan’s chamber; the path to his destiny. He commits the murder and return to his chamber where Lady Macbeth is waiting for him. They both return back to bed to make it appear that they had been sleeping. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth wanted power and to fulfill the prophecy. They were ready to do anything to be on the throne. Macbeth fails his duty of being a kinsman and protecting the king. Instead, Macbeth kills him. The unexpected consequences are that Macbeth has ruined his relationship with King Duncan who has done nothing but good to Macbeth. Macbeth breaks Duncan’s trust and deceives him. Lady Macbeth is very determined to be on the throne and to carry out the prophecy. After the murder of King Duncan, she realises that the throne has not resulted in happiness or peace of mind. Nought’s had, all’s spent, Where our desire is got without content. ‘Tis safer to be that which we destroy Than by destruction dwell in doubtful joy† (Act 3, scene 2, lines 6-9 pg 58) Lady Macbeth’s relationship with Macbeth deteriorates and they become further apart. Lady Macbeth is always questioning Macbeth’s manhood, ‘ to be more than what you were, you would/ be so much more the man’ (Act 1, scene 7, lines 55, 56 Pg 29), and forcing him to make decisions he doesn’t want to make. Therefore, Macbeth doesn’t consult his wife before killing Banquo and Fleance. Lady Macbeth starts to sleep-walk and talk in her sleep for several nights. During her sleepwalking, she reveals the details of the murders for which she and Macbeth have been responsible for. ‘I tell you again, Banquo’s buried. He cannot come out on his grave. ’ (Act 5, Scene 1, pg 94 lines 44-46). Lady Macbeth wants to undo the death of Duncan; change the past but she knows that she can’t. ‘What’s done cannot be undone’ (Act 5, scene 1, pg 92, lines 56-60). She sees blood on her hands, but she cannot remove the imaginary ere blood, ‘out damned spot! Out I say! ’ (Act 5, scene 1, pg 92, line 30). She cannot remove the smell of blood ‘here’s the smell of the blood still. / All perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand’ (Act 5, scene 1, pg 92, lines 43, 44) Lady Macbeth’s sleepwalking shows that she can’t escape her guilty conscience even when she is sleeping. The significance of Lady Macbeth’s hand washing is that she can’t remove the guilty thought of the murder of Duncan. Lady Macbeth eventually ends her own life, which is an unanticipated event. The guilt and sleepwalking are the unanticipated consequences that Lady Macbeth faces after the murder of Duncan. Macbeth also suffers from unanticipated consequences. He always has guilty conscience and he goes mad. He feels remorse after killing Duncan. ‘To know my deed, ‘Thwere best not know myself. Wake Duncan with thy knocking! I would thou couldst! ’ (Act 2, scene 2, pg 40 lines 88-91) Macbeth suffers from sleep deprivation which shows he feels guilty for doing the deed. His lack of sleep had also made him unable to make clear decisions. Macbeth is so determined to become King that he kills everyone who got in his way. Macbeth kills his companion and friend, Banquo, which he didn’t anticipate to do. He also murders Macduff’s family which was more brutal and violent compared to the murder of Duncan. This shows that Macbeth’s state of mind was a lot worse when he killed Macduff’s family. Macbeth goes insane and he sees Banquo’s ghost at a dinner gathering. Eventually, he realises that killing Duncan didn’t bring him happiness. He feels like he has nothing to look forward to in his future. ‘I have lived long enough. My way of life Is fallen into the sere, the yellow leaf, And that which should accompany old age, As honour, love, obedience, troops of friends, I must not look to have. ’ (Act 5, scene 3, Pg 98 lines25-29) Macbeth is eventually killed by Macduff because he is born of a woman. This is another unanticipated event that occurs. The murder of King Duncan brought unanticipated consequences such as guilt, sleep deprivation and death. Both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth showed regrets for committing the deed and the dream of ultimate power; being on the throne, became too big to save them from madness. The murder was an anticipated, calculated action from them, but they didn’t predict the outcome of their horrible life affecting plan.

Difficulties accessing health and social care services Essays

Difficulties accessing health and social care services Essays Difficulties accessing health and social care services Essay Difficulties accessing health and social care services Essay When the National Health Services ( NHS ) was founded in 1948, one of the rules was to supply complete services to all and free at the clip of demand in UK ( nursing times.net 2009 ) . Access to healthcare services is based on clinical demands of an person and non the ability to pay the services. This means everyone has the rights of accessing to wellness and societal attention, although it is still a major job for low societal group and cultural minority who are confronting personal, socio economic, cultural and jobs go oning as consequences of the construction of wellness and societal attention procedures ( POSTNOTE 2007 ) . In this essay, a instance survey will be used to show a patient with learning disablement who faces assorted jobs during his entree to wellness and societal attention services and factors that contributed to these jobs. Besides it will concentrate on how nurses could back up these persons to do determinations about their attention. The significance of larning disablement will be explained. The assignment will besides look at major cultural and societal economic act uponing the wellness and wellness picks of persons. Besides it will analyse the differences between wellness instruction and wellness publicity and with their importance in single in accessing wellness and societal attention. The challenges inherent in run intoing the demands of people of changing abilities and societal backgrounds will be look at every bit good as the factors that trigger the accessing of multi-professional wellness and societal service. The essay will besides discourse the apprehension of the statute law related to the proviso of wellness and societal attention, as a nurse why are we needed to be cognizant of the inequalities in proviso. A name mentioned in the instance survey has been changed in order to follow with the codification of NMC ( 2008 ) and consent was obtained from the patient and the name Anil will be used in position. Anil is a male child of 18 old ages old who came to UK from South East Asia seven old ages ago. He lives with his parents in the lodging estate of East London where bulk are cultural from South Asia. His male parent who earns minimal rewards plants in a nutrient mill in six yearss a hebdomad, speaks English and his female parent is a fulltime homemaker and does non talk English, merely Hindu. Anil was born with Asperger syndrome, a womb-to-tomb disablement that affects how a individual makes sense of the universe, processes information and relates to other people. Peoples with Asperger can happen hard to pass on and interacts with other ( NAS 2010 ) . Anil had neer been to hospital in India and he was treated by traditional therapists. He merely started seeks medical aid when he moved to UK. Anil physical status has deteriorated late. He does non eat good ; look tired, sometimes suffered concern and happening hard in kiping. Since he came to UK, he had been to school for three old ages merely and he neer had friends. He does non blend good with other people and his parents do non trouble oneself about this. At times he lets himself go a small ignored. Anil represents a little and vulnerable group in a society who find trouble in accessing and utilizing wellness and societal attention because of the greater wellness attention needs they have than general population. Motor and centripetal disablements, Epilepsy, high blood pressure and Alzheimer s disease are some of the conditions that are common in this group ( NURSING STANDARD 2010 ) . The MENCAP study ( DEATH IN DEFFERENCES 2007 ) states that people with learning disablement are being treated wrongly in all portion of healthcare proviso and they are non every bit valued in the wellness services. The authorities besides revealed that people with learning disablements are poorer peculiarly consumption of invitations on primary attention and infirmary commissariats such as entree showing services ( ALD 200/01 ) . Because of their greater demands of health care, they are more prone to a broad assortment of extra physical and mental wellness jobs as it shows to Anil. Harmonizing to T udor- Hart ( cited in Hart 1985 ) there is an increasing in grounds of an inverse attention jurisprudence where those who demands are greatest acquire the least. Learning Disability is a life long status which has a significantly reduced ability to understand new or complex information and it is vary from one individual to another. The World Health Organization ( WHO ) defines larning disablement as damage of the organic structure map which limits the activity of an person in executing a undertaking or action ( WHO 2010 ) Harmonizing to Thomas and Woods in their book Working with people with larning disablements 11 ( 2003 ) , a learning disablement is a nomenclature used to label people with lower degree of rational that is lower than the mean to normal people in the society. The term itself was widely accepted in England following a address in 1996 to MENCAP by Stephen Dorrell, the so secretary for Health. From clip to clip the rubric and labels have changed and this has been driven by several influences. The term used to cover kids with specific larning jobs that may originate from a figure of different things like emotional jobs, medical jobs and linguistic communication damage ( BILD 2004 ) . In the past, many people with larning disablement were lived in establishments and have been labeled otherwise by their coevalss. Many different signifiers of footings have been used before. Terminology such as threat, sub- human being, indefinable objects of apprehension, holy inexperienced person, diseased being, ageless kid and many more ( WOLFENSBERGER,1972 ) . There are about 1.5 million people with larning disablement in UK who require different degrees of support ( MENCAP ) . It has been identified that about 26.5 % of people who have larning disablement as being associated with familial factors ( Craft et al 1985 ) . Learning Disabilities is caused by jobs during encephalon development before, during and after birth ( RCSLT 2009 ) . There are different types of larning disablements some of which are Asperger syndrome ( a particular type of Autism ) which affect a individual the manner interact to the universe, reading disablements, composing disablements, not verbal acquisition disablements ( NVLD ) and many more ( ALD 2000-2010 ) , reading disablement ( dyslexia ) , address and listening disablement, and audile processing upset. It is frequently detected in early childhood. In UK there are Torahs and policies which describe how the demands of people with larning disablements should be met. The intent of these Torahs and policies is to better quality of life and based on authorization, doing picks and determination, holding the same chance and rights as other people and societal inclusion. Policy such as` valuing people which explain how the authorities will supply same chance and pick for people with larning disablements and their households to populate full and independent lives as portion of their local communities and to guarantee they gain maximal life opportunity benefit ( DOH 2010 ) . The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 which is a piece of statute law promotes the rights of people with larning disablements to entree health care and other attention services. Healthcare suppliers must esteem, back up them and their households and conforms to professional criterion ( NHS 2006 ) . It is the NHS responsibility to do certain they provide an equal service that can be easy accessed by anyone harmonizing to this Act. Most of the people with larning disablements have sensory and physical damage that make it difficult to do their picks and to understand by others. A piece of statute law which protects them in England is Mental Capacity Act 2005 which is empowers and protects vulnerable people who are non able to do their ain determination. Peoples with larning disablement will still hold the right to give their consent for day-to-day life and accessing the services despite of holding significantly reduced ability to understand new larning accomplishments ( NURSING STANDARD 2010 ) . If the individual lack a capacity of giving or declining consent, it is still possible for attention suppliers to supply attention and interventions for the best involvement of the individual ( DOH 2003 ) . A study showed that about 62 % of all people with larning disablements depend on their parents and other health professionals ( EMERSON et al 2005 ) . However, healthcare suppliers have a responsibility to understand and acknowledge the demands of a individual with larning disablements and do certain their demands are met. It is a nursing function to work in partnership with the clients to get the better of barriers by placing what direction and determination to stand for the individual largely professionally although clients and their attentions may do their ain determination. Peoples with larning disablements in lower societal categories are peculiarly disadvantage relation to the higher societal categories in accessing health care services because of physical, societal, psychological and economic barriers that limit their full engagement in society. Acheson ( 1998 ) identified the links between inequalities and hapless wellness. He noted that wellness inequalities were widening with the poorest in society being more affected than those who are good away. The station codification lottery which depends on where you might populate is a large issue in NHS. The handiness of better intervention, drugs and waiting clip in a disadvantaged country where people depend on province health care commissariats will transport on experience hapless entree to services and intervention than those who have the power of purchasing services in private services ( GUARDIAN 2000 ) . Peoples from cultural backgrounds experience health care service otherwise due to their deficiency of cognition which can be limited by the ability to pass on in English. They may happen challenge to come in health care services because it may necessitate, for illustration doing a telephone call, assignment, get bying with a queuing system and complex processs ( NHS 2006 ) . Different in civilization s attitude and stigma between where they came from and UK can impact Anil s wellness. It is believed that South Asiatic parents do nt hold positive attitudes towards disablements because spiritual and superstitious beliefs ( ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHIATRIC 2003 ) . Anil s parents might non take his job earnestly because of their background and societal stigma of holding a kid with disablement ( AUTISM-INDIA 2008 ) . Harmonizing to the study of Department of Health ( 2009 ) a reappraisal in development in undertaking wellness inequalities of Acheson, recommended the betterment of life criterions of people with lower income than mean. Among the people in this group are people populating in a disadvantaged country and depend on societal lodging. Besides people with larning disablement may neglect to acquire the necessary services because of deficiency of understanding about wellness issues jointing their demands based on their hapless experiences of instruction system ( Mathews 1996 ) . Research carried out by Cartwright A ; Obrien1976 found that General Practitioners spend far less clip with their patients from lower categories ( cited in Hart 1985, p59 ) . The state of affairs may be more complex for service users who have small or no verbal communicating and those with learning disablement. A learning disablement individual may be unable to place and depict the marks and symptoms necessitating accurate medical attending. The information may non be presented in accessible format and the staffs may inquire inquiries which can non understand ( NURSING STANDARD 2010 ) . Inaccessibility of an experience translator in the healthcare scenes can be barrier. It can impact the sensitiveness of patient s values and attitudes. To utilize a professional translator can reassure patients to pass on and experience freer when depicting their spiritual beliefs and unsatisfactory environment conditions but to healthcare professionals may experience disempowerment and may depend on translators in order to transport out their functions ( ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHTRIC 2003 ) . Sometimes physical entree may be an issue for people with learning disablement ; they find their assignment times are frequently excessively short to understand the system because of their troubles and conveyance demands to entree health care installations are more distant. Practitioners may be given occupation in disadvantaged countries with all installation available but they may be in the hazards of hooliganism, larceny and anti societal behaviour ( Thomson J et Al 2003 p59 ) . The purposes of the authorities today in UK is convince persons to be more involved in their wellness. But the jobs with handiness of wellness publicity services and engagements are some of concern due to the restructuring of wellness and societal attention for people with larning disablements has been accelerated by NHS and community attention Act ( DOH 1990, Emerson Et Al 1996 fellow 11 ) . For illustration, most of the wellness publicity treatment and activities to accessing suited primary health care is focus on medical engagements such as immunisation ( Stanley et al 1998 p71 ) . Some of this medical attack can take to reenforce dependence for people with learning disablements. Those with terrible larning disablements, their demands are going known to service suppliers through secondary and third attention after being referred by primary attention. Among wellness publicity is bar which is concentrating on lessening of hazard happening of diseases, disablements and disability. Th ese activities occur in wellness attention scenes. Primary bar is to forestall from hazard factors such as fleshiness through instruction, exercising and diet. Primary bar produces information on assorted wellness issues in pictural and easy apprehensible format such as malignant neoplastic disease. On secondary bar, it involves identifies early marks of diseases happening such as malignant neoplastic disease showing and third bar is involves cut downing the impact of the disease and advancing quality of life through active rehabilitation ( Thomson et al 2003 ) . Anil s province of confusion may be caused a figure of factors which might necessitate farther probe. It is the responsibility of his General Practitioner ( primary bar ) to mention him to infirmary ( secondary bar ) for probe. A adviser may make up ones mind whether Anil has physical or mental unwellness. To cover with and taking barriers such as trouble with interpersonal communicating, wellness publicity will necessitate to advance inclusion and cut down inequalities in service proviso ( Thomson et al 2003 p129 ) . World Health Organization ( 2010 ) has made it clear that wellness publicity is the procedure of enabling single to better and increase control of their wellness. Many primary healthcare professional bash non hold accomplishments to get the better of this job as consequences those people who have larning disablements are less likely to have lifestyle advice than those who do non hold larning disablements ( Fitzsimmons A ; Barr 1997 ) . Learning disablement nurses have a assortment of accomplishments in communicating and observations which could be utile to learn other health care professionals in wellness and societal attention scenes ( Thomson et al 2003 p131 ) Health instruction as a portion of wellness publicity is defined as a planned communicating activities designed to pull good being and sick wellness in persons and group through act uponing the cognition, belief, attitudes and behaviour of those in power of the community at big ( Tannahill 1985p167-8 ) . For people with larning disablements, wellness instruction might advance societal inclusion through diminishing negative stereotyping by valuing and esteeming their demands. On a more single degree, people who receive wellness instruction messages have a pick to make up ones mind whether to follow or non the message given ( Thomson J et Al 2003 ) . Constructing partnerships between nurses, callings, other professional and people with larning disablements is indispensable in order to advance and educating wellness by placing their physical and mental wellness status ( DOH 1995 ) . A partnership is non merely the manner to convey up to day of the month statutory services but besides is about developing and admiting the corporate duty for the wellness and well-being of the community which they belong ( Thomson J et Al 2003, p102 ) . Having the chance to do pick about their health care is critical to their sense of inclusion in society. It is besides a cardinal factor in leting single like Anil to experience in control of his life. The NMC ( National Midwifery Council ) codification of 2008sets out figure of duties on nurses to advance pick and esteem the determinations of those they care. Nurses need to assist them doing their pick by doing some simple versions. The first measure can be taking a little more clip to explicate something and giving the individual with larning disablement more clip to understand what is being said ( Nursing STANDARDS 2010, P53 ) . Other attack could be the engagement of comparative or paid calling non to do pick on behalf of the individual with learning disablement but to utilize their cognition of the individual to assist the attention professional interpret or to explicate intervention options. In all this procedures, nurses need to guarantee that they obtain consent before they begin assessment and intervention. Any determination to be taken by the staff must be in the involvements of the individual and must see to his or her human rights. To reason, the essay has set out cardinal troubles experienced by people with larning disablements in accessing health care services and the spread between rich and hapless who are accessing health care look to be widening. Peoples who have larning disablements are by and large underestimated and happen themselves failure to win their outlook. They experience more wellness jobs than any other group in a society but usage health care services less than the general population ( RODGER 1996 ) . Inequalities in wellness for people with learning disablements must be dealt with by health care suppliers in wellness attention proviso with the purpose of shuting the division between the general public experiences and this group. By utilizing good quality of wellness attention and esteeming people s rights to entree, and doing sensible accommodation, the lives of people with larning disablements can be changed. Healthcare suppliers have a responsibility to guarantee that people with learning d isablements are offered regular checking and are included in wellness showing plan.

35 Literary Devices and Literary Terms (with Definitions and Examples)

35 Literary Devices and Literary Terms (with Definitions and Examples) 35 Literary Devices and Literary Terms (with Definitions and Examples) A clear list of literary devices is a good resource for any writer to have on hand. Strong device usage can help elevate a book from a story people forget, to a piece of literature that stays with them long after they've turned the final page.After all, in  As You Like It, Shakespeare could have simply written, "Everyone has a role in life." But instead, he used a literary device and penned one of the famous metaphors of all time:All the world’s a stage And all the men and women merely playersAnd the rest is history. 35+ literary devices to turn you into Shakespeare What are literary devices?Literary devices are tools writers use to express their ideas with artistic depth. These devices can clarify and emphasize concepts, create resonance within a narrative, and invite readers to dig a little deeper into the story’s themes.While all of the tools below fall under the umbrella of â€Å"literary devices,† the purpose and impact of them varies wildly. Some might underscore a narrative and work on an intellectual level, while others have more of a subtle, visceral, or emotional effect. Finally, they might also work to simply enhance the flow and pacing of your writing. No matter what, if you're looking to inject something special into your prose, literary devices are a great place to start. You can also check out our list of 30 rhetorical devices right here!List of literary devices1. AllegoryThe Tortoise and the Hare is about more than just a turtle, a rabbit, and a race. It also aims to teach the lesson: slow and steady wins the race. That’s what an allegory does  - it’s a type of narrative that uses characters and plot to exemplify abstract ideas and themes, such as patience. In an allegorical story, events and characters tend to represent more than they appear on the surface.Example: Animal Farm by George Orwell. This dystopian novella is one of modern literature’s best-known allegories. A commentary on the events leading up to Stalin's rise and the formation of the Soviet Union, the pigs at the heart of the novel blatantly represent figures such as Stalin, Trotsky, and Molotov. Litotes (pronounced lie-toe-teez) is the signature literary device of the double negative. Writers use litotes to express certain sentiments through their opposites, by saying that that opposite is not the case. Don’t worry, it makes more sense with the examples. Example: â€Å"You won’t be sorry† (meaning you’ll be happy); â€Å"you’re not wrong† (meaning you’re right); â€Å"I didn’t not like it† (meaning I did)21. MalapropismIf Shakespeare is the king of metaphors, Michael Scott is the king of malapropisms. This is when similar-sounding words replace their appropriate counterparts, typically to comic effect - one of the most commonly cited is â€Å"dance a flamingo,† rather than a â€Å"flamenco.† Malapropisms are usually employed in dialogue when a character flubs up their speech.Example: â€Å"I am not to be truffled with.† Similar term: metonymy 35+ literary devices to lend resonance to your writing Readers and writers alike can get a lot out of understanding literary devices and how they're commonly used. If you’re a reader, you can use this knowledge to your advantage, as you pore over fiction and gain insight into the author’s intended meaning and motivation behind their work. Meanwhile, writers can use literary devices to connect with readers, giving their words a boosted opportunity of providing audiences with lasting meaning.Have you ever struggled to use a literary device in your writing? Let's get technical - share your questions or thoughts in the comments below!

Introduction to Welding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Introduction to Welding - Essay Example This causes the metal to melt and on subsequent application of pressure, the liquid regions undergo a process called coalescence. When cooled, this coalesced liquid metal mixture undergoes solidification and the weld is complete, thus giving us one continuous piece of metal. The heat energy required for the process may be obtained from a number of sources. Some options that can be used are gas flames, electric arcs and ultrasound. Most often carried out in an industrial environment in open air, there may arise certain situations where the welding is required to be carried out marine or even in space. The sources of energy will have to be selected accordingly, since certain sources may not work well in certain environments. For instance, an open oxyacetylene flame in a vacuum or even underwater, is obviously impossible. The quality of a weld, its strength and durability are largely dependant on the base metals used in the welding process. Some of the major base metals which can be joined by using the process of welding are The suitability of alloys such as steel to welding depend on the contents, which may be a diverse collection. Steel, or more accurately, plain carbon steel is chosen as a reference material for this. To judge alloys made up of many distinct materials, we make use of a factor called the equivalent carbon content. This is used to compare the relative weldabilities of different alloys by comparing their properties to plain carbon steel. Considerable effects are seen on the weldability of a metal alloy which contains elements like carbon, chromium and vanadium, while copper and nickel have only negligible effects. As the equivalent carbon content rises, the weldability of the alloy decreases (Lincoln Electric, 1994). But this can't be helped, because plain carbon and low-alloy steels have unacceptably low strength levels, especially from an industrial perspective. High strength, low-alloy steels which contain a very small percentage of carbon and include additive elements like manganese, phosphorus, sulphur and small amounts of copper, nickel, niobium, nitrogen, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, silicon, or zirconium(Schoolscience.co.uk, 2007) were developed especially for welding applications during the 1970s. The high chromium content of stainless steel makes it less preferable for welding. Those varieties which may have been deemed weldable are susceptible to distortion due to their high coefficient of thermal expansion, and hence are prone to cracking and reduced corrosion resistance. Aluminum The chemical composition of aluminum alloys, as with any alloy, decides the weldability. Hot cracking of the alloy on welding is prevented by preheating. This reduces the temperature gradient across the welding area. However, this can reduce the mechanical properties of the base material. Another alternative is to alter the design of the joint, with a more compatible filler alloy to decrease hot cracking. Aluminum alloys should also be cleaned prior to welding, with the goal of removing all oxides, oils, and loose particles from the surface to be welded. This is especially important because of an aluminum weld's susceptibility to porosity due to hydrogen and dross due to oxygen(Lincoln Electric, 1994) Residual stresses Stresses caused in a rigid structure as a result of internal strains are referred to by the term Residual Stresses. These strains are usually of a permanent nature and may have its origins at any stage in the component life cycle. Welding is one of the most significant causes of residual stresses and may cause large tensile stresses whose maximum value is approximately equal to the yield

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 36

Strategic Management - Essay Example ompany, illustrating the advantages and disadvantages, and the ways to address or mitigate the deficiencies so as to understand strategic management in-depth. The evaluated processes include Yips drivers of internationalization, Porter’s generic strategies and Bowman’s strategy clock. Microsoft Nokia is a multinational company that specializes in the telecommunication sector. Its main products include smart-phones, mobile phones and tablet computers as well as associated accessories that are meant for global market. Microsoft Nokia is a name that evolved after Nokia was acquired by Microsoft Company, a deal which was sealed in 2014. Microsoft has the right to use the name Nokia as long as the agreement holds water. This study is meant to strategically analyze the company’s operations based on three strategies or processes. Michael Porter (Cited in Tamwar, 2013) described a scheme that is used in categorization, which consisted of three types of strategies used commonly by firms to achieve as well as maintain their competitive advantage in contemporary markets characterized by cutthroat competition. The three primary generic strategies that were defined along two major dimensions of strategic strength and scope include: cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy, and focus strategy. In terms of scope then the demand context of the firm’s product is considered whereas on the strategic strength context, the supply dimension as well as the key competency of the firm are considered (Tamwar, 2013). These three strategies are aimed at outperforming other firms in the same industry. Most authors refer to this as the Wal-mart strategy. It dictates that companies produce high volumes of standardized products that will take care of the scale economies. Tamwar (2013) suggest that products features should be low cost, no-frills, and has ease in manufacturing. The volumes will shadow the low margins in the long run. The cost leadership strategy aims at the

There is no topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

There is no topic - Essay Example By utility, Bentham meant anything that would produce happiness or pleasure for the majority of people, and anything that would mitigate suffering or pain. According to utilitarianism, everyone likes pleasure and resents pain, and thus this forms a basis for political and moral judgement. As such, the major point of utilitarianism is to weigh the costs against the benefits of any action before undertaking it (Sandel 32). Bentham’s utilitarianism led to a rise of objections, most of which were concentrated on the impact of utilitarianism on the human rights. The first objection is that utilitarianism holds no value for the rights of individuals. It is argued that this approach cares about the total benefit of individuals in a given situation. It is, therefore, likely to overlook the rights of individuals that could be stamped upon to ensure pleasure for the others. The second objection against utilitarianism is that it assumes that all moral goods can be translated into one sin gle currency. In this case, it means that something is lost in the translation as the definitions of good vary across societies and perceptions (Sandel 32). The issue of economic inequality has been in the limelight in the U.S. with the country’s wealth being in the hands of a few individuals while a majority of the population living from hand to mouth (Sandel 58). The debate goes as far as to the Congress where some believe that the rich should be taxed to offer equal opportunities for economic growth for the poor. However, others believe that such favour taxation is not necessary given that the rich used legal and appropriate methods to acquire their wealth. From the utilitarianism point of view, seems a good idea as it increases the utility of the larger population who are to benefit from the taxes. As such, the taxes imposed on the rich may not affect them as they form a minute fraction of their wealth. However, there are

Has Persuasion Become a Key Function of Democratic Governments Essay

Has Persuasion Become a Key Function of Democratic Governments - Essay Example This essay stresses that a great deal of understanding of the processes of the psychology and processes of persuasion has taken place. Communication is moving from mass media to narrowcast, which is becoming increasingly possible through developments in mobile telephone, internet, wireless and interactive technology. The development of narrowcasting requires action by the individual, even something simple like opening and reading an email, and this personal involvement gets them involved in the frame being presented and therefore more likely to accept it. The use of frames and framing in message design form part of the methodology by which this is achieved. This is evidenced by the large amounts of money spent by governments on public relations firms, and the creation of special government agencies vested with the brief of framing and presenting persuasive, legally defensible messages that clearly differentiate the government’s position from that of its opponents. This paper makes a conclusion that the claim that the practice of persuasion is a key function of government and that it has changed the very nature of democracy is true. The threat to democracy occurs when the focus is on winning the elections or gaining from political power rather than maintaining the democratic form of government. Negative political persuasion has increased over the years. A set of rules to be formulated and followed strictly by the candidates alone can help restore the democratic system.

The Issue of Remorse on The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne Research Paper

The Issue of Remorse on The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne - Research Paper Example Various studies were conducted about the novel and they discuss the symbols, imageries, issues and parallelisms prevailing in The Scarlet Letter. The critical analysis of the novel would start with a brief biography of Nathaniel Hawthorne and also the significant issues faced by the United States of America in its early years would be analyzed in connection to the story. The main focus is on the issue of remorse faced by the main characters of the novel. Nathaniel Hawthorne came from a famous family living in Salem, Massachusetts. His relatives took care of him when his father died in a voyage. He studied at Bowdoin College together with some famous personalities in literature and politics like Horatio Bridge who became a writer, Jonathan Ciley who became a senator, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow who became a poet, and Franklin Pierce who became a president of the United States. The personalities mentioned helped Hawthorne to get a public sector job. Afterwards he started as a writer when his works imitate the style of Sir Walter Scott and was considered to be his early writing training. The Transcendentalist Movement of Ralph Waldo Emerson influenced Hawthorne by investing in the Utopian community. The Trancendentalist belief rejects formalism as they promote individualism because humans according to them are more than just sensory realm. Individualism and symbolism became prominent in Hawthorne’s later works especially in The S carlet Letter wherein the Transcendentalist ideals clashed against the ideals of the Puritans. The Custom House was written by Hawthorne as a prologue to The Scarlet Letter and also as an autobiographical essay. His published work became possible through the help of his friends. The Scarlet Letter became famous across time since morality, spirituality and identity of the Americans were affected by the Puritans. During the time of Hawthorne, adultery was considered as a taboo because of prevailing rigidity and formality of culture. The novel became popular to people from all ages across time (University of Wisconsin Milwaukee). The Scarlet Letter made its author a famous writer. After seeing the relevance of the novel to the life and time of Hawthorne, going deeper into the summary would link the history to the story. Spirituality, morality and Puritan influence on the early America were reflected in The Scarlet Letter. The novel went against the norms and showed how the dreaded beha vior and beliefs would be turned from weakness into strength. The story started from a prologue that could be considered as a standalone essay. The essay revealed how the novel was written as the narrator mirrored Hawthorne himself. The narrator worked as a surveyor in the customhouse and he found certain documents bundled and contained a piece of cloth shaped into an A. Since the narrator was careless and lost some important documents, he made a story out of the two-hundred-year-old manuscript made by a past surveyor. His creative thinking produced The Scarlet Letter  and the story opened in a Puritan settlement at Boston during the early years of USA. The scarlet letter â€Å"A† labeled on the chest of the protagonist named Hester Prynne symbolized her crime as viewed by the townspeople. She walked out of a prison cell together with her baby named Pearl. She arrived at Boston when her old and scholarly husband sent her there. Her husband was lost in the voyage and was ass umed to be dead. Because of loneliness, Hester engaged in an affair that led to the birth of Pearl. Afterwards the town elders put Hester Prynne to a public confession to reveal the father of Pearl. She did not reveal the name of

Gamal Abdel Nesser's Speech in 1956 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gamal Abdel Nesser's Speech in 1956 - Essay Example Economic and social dominance of the British over Egypt prompted a revolution in 1952 with King Farouk 1 being dismissed. Gamal Abdel Nasser took the reigns of power with the first step being the nationalization of the Suez canal (Nasser 1956). The British imperialists condemned such a move, noting they were significant stakeholders. Such tendencies prompted Nasser to present a speech condemning western powers for was deemed as internal interference. The presentation of the speech by Gamal Abdel Nesser was in reaction to perceived meddling by foreign powers like France and Britain in the affairs of Egypt. The Suez Canal was at the point of controversy and Nesser was presenting his speech to the Arab nation in condemning imperialistic tendencies (Nasser 1956). The idea of controlling the Suez Canal by Britain was seen as extreme aggression and Nesser wanted to prepare the Egyptians to defend and protect the national resources that were critical for the well-being of Egypt. Ideally, the speech was to enlighten the Egyptians of their rights and freedoms in so far as their interest was concerned (Nasser 1956). Nasser, Gamal Abdel. Speech on the Suez Canal, Egypt 1956. U.S. Department of State, The Suez Canal Problem, 26 July - 22 September 1956, Publication No. 6392.  

The Issue of Remorse on The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne Research Paper

The Issue of Remorse on The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne - Research Paper Example Various studies were conducted about the novel and they discuss the symbols, imageries, issues and parallelisms prevailing in The Scarlet Letter. The critical analysis of the novel would start with a brief biography of Nathaniel Hawthorne and also the significant issues faced by the United States of America in its early years would be analyzed in connection to the story. The main focus is on the issue of remorse faced by the main characters of the novel. Nathaniel Hawthorne came from a famous family living in Salem, Massachusetts. His relatives took care of him when his father died in a voyage. He studied at Bowdoin College together with some famous personalities in literature and politics like Horatio Bridge who became a writer, Jonathan Ciley who became a senator, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow who became a poet, and Franklin Pierce who became a president of the United States. The personalities mentioned helped Hawthorne to get a public sector job. Afterwards he started as a writer when his works imitate the style of Sir Walter Scott and was considered to be his early writing training. The Transcendentalist Movement of Ralph Waldo Emerson influenced Hawthorne by investing in the Utopian community. The Trancendentalist belief rejects formalism as they promote individualism because humans according to them are more than just sensory realm. Individualism and symbolism became prominent in Hawthorne’s later works especially in The S carlet Letter wherein the Transcendentalist ideals clashed against the ideals of the Puritans. The Custom House was written by Hawthorne as a prologue to The Scarlet Letter and also as an autobiographical essay. His published work became possible through the help of his friends. The Scarlet Letter became famous across time since morality, spirituality and identity of the Americans were affected by the Puritans. During the time of Hawthorne, adultery was considered as a taboo because of prevailing rigidity and formality of culture. The novel became popular to people from all ages across time (University of Wisconsin Milwaukee). The Scarlet Letter made its author a famous writer. After seeing the relevance of the novel to the life and time of Hawthorne, going deeper into the summary would link the history to the story. Spirituality, morality and Puritan influence on the early America were reflected in The Scarlet Letter. The novel went against the norms and showed how the dreaded beha vior and beliefs would be turned from weakness into strength. The story started from a prologue that could be considered as a standalone essay. The essay revealed how the novel was written as the narrator mirrored Hawthorne himself. The narrator worked as a surveyor in the customhouse and he found certain documents bundled and contained a piece of cloth shaped into an A. Since the narrator was careless and lost some important documents, he made a story out of the two-hundred-year-old manuscript made by a past surveyor. His creative thinking produced The Scarlet Letter  and the story opened in a Puritan settlement at Boston during the early years of USA. The scarlet letter â€Å"A† labeled on the chest of the protagonist named Hester Prynne symbolized her crime as viewed by the townspeople. She walked out of a prison cell together with her baby named Pearl. She arrived at Boston when her old and scholarly husband sent her there. Her husband was lost in the voyage and was ass umed to be dead. Because of loneliness, Hester engaged in an affair that led to the birth of Pearl. Afterwards the town elders put Hester Prynne to a public confession to reveal the father of Pearl. She did not reveal the name of

TOURISM - LEISURE AND SOCIETY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

TOURISM - LEISURE AND SOCIETY - Essay Example ns pertaining to social standing and status may sometimes happen to be fluid, which may evolve over time, influenced by dominant or popular traditions and values. Still, there is no denying the fact that the individuals affiliated to the same social standing do share a common lot of beliefs and values that enable them to recognize themselves as having a unique status, which may be real or imagined (Anderson 1991). Hence, social identity and status mostly correspond, irrespective of the cultural, racial and ethnic disparities within a society. This correspondence of social identity and status sans economic and demographic disparities portends multifarious ramifications for the tourism industry the world over. Social identity and status are the concepts, which are many times not directly observable or discernable, but inferred from various ways and patterns of group expression, tourism and leisure qualifying to be one important manifestation. Going by this fact, many nations and touris t destinations are vying with each other to come out with tourism management policies and strategies, which have notions of social identity and status incorporated and adjusted within them (Henderson 2001). Such tourism strategies have observable and coveted economic, political and social agendas embedded within. Thus, the concept of tourism, and the old and new perceptions pertaining to it often portray narratives associated with unique symbols of social identity and status. The concept of tourism and leisure had the notions of social identity and status amalgamated with it at the very time of its conception in the early 19th century. Thorstein Veblem in his acclaimed work ‘The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of institutions (1902)’, meticulously elaborated on the concept of leisure and tourism being intricately associated with social entities like wealth and status. According to Veblem (1902), the middle and working class in most of the developed countries have the

Relationship Between Management And Leadership In Childhood Setting Nursing Essay

Relationship Between Management And Leadership In Childhood Setting Nursing Essay In this report I will discuss the relationship between management and leadership in an early childhood setting. I will do this by making reference to the Integrated Inspection Report from the named nursery, government expectations and my findings from other sources. HM Inspectors of Schools have responsibilities which include raising and improving standards and quality of the service offered by settings through self-evaluation, and they do this by inspection of premises and the service these premises provide. They work within the National Care Standards, Scottish Executive (2006) which is underpinned by The Child at the Centre, HMIE (2007) and the performance indicators within. Part of their inspection includes looking at the overall leadership in the nursery setting and using government advice to rate the standards of leadership within the setting. In the named Integrated Inspection Report, the opening statement comments: The headteacher provided excellent leadership. HMIE, (2008) and this shows how this early years establishment has followed government expectations to build on good practice and deliver a professional, caring, quality service of education to children and parents who use this setting. HMIEs comments towards the headteachers leadership reflect the performance indicators laid down in The Child at the Centre HMIE (2007) and these indicators expect settings to have standards of: 9.1 Vision, values and aims 9.2 Leadership and Direction 9.3 Developing people and partnerships 9.4 Leadership and improvement and change These performance indicators help settings to aim for excellent practice through leadership and self-evaluation and encourage professional reflection using the same themes as How Good is our School and The Journey to Excellence and are used to build plans and guide any actions for improvement there be. HMIE (2007) Hay (1997) believes the successful running of a nursery setting relies on someone who portrays a combination of both management and leadership skills. Leadership qualities include being able to influence others to meet goals, not because the leader has asked them to do so but because they want to do it whereas management qualities would include the necessity to get things done constantly and routinely. Hodgkinson (1991) cited by Hay (1997) I agree with Hay (1997) that a combination of skills are required for the efficient running of a nursery and in order for settings to reach the government expectations whilst carrying on with the daily routines, they would need to secure the help and shared focus from colleagues and this can be accomplished by effective leadership and teamwork. Effective teamwork can have a positive impact on the routines of daily life in the setting and if everyone in the team have the same shared focus and they are all engaging in professional reflection and self-evaluation of the quality of service they are providing, the quality of service will not be compromised. Rodd (2006) believes good teamwork is important for meeting the requirements of early education settings and cites Ebbeck and Waniganayake (2003) comments of building effective teams is fundamental to early childhood practice. The headteacher in the report has shown how effective her leadership is by receiving positive comments of her leadership skills. I believe she has been able to achieve effective leadership through building and nurturing a high standard of teamwork within the practice. This was done by using her interpersonal skills of communication, motivation and inspiration, Rodd (2006) and by empowering her team to work with her with the same high standards and aim for the same objective she has succeeded in achieving high-quality teamwork. HMIE (2008) Rodd (2006) believes that this human resource management is typical of an early childhood leader and she cites Taylors (2005) argument that a leaders own behaviour, their actions, beliefs and values, will determine how they are seen by their colleagues and how this behaviour will be rewarded. Leaders can determine whether or not their team will work with them or work against them and being a positive role model can help bring your team together and reach the objective. It is clear in this report that this leaders direction allows her team to work alongside her as they all have the same commitment to the continuous improvement of their setting. This includes their own personal professional development and also relates to the performance indicator 9.3 Developing people and partnerships HMIE (2007) The report comments on how the staff in this setting have the opportunities to continue in their own development through training courses, leadership support and self-evaluation. Another key element of effective leadership is having the ability to allow the personal development of others and use this ability to improve the quality of the team and the service they provide. Rodd (2006) Performance Indicator 9.3, HMIE (2007) states how an important feature of effective leadership is to develop positive working relationships with others and to have the ability to delegate roles and responsibilities within the setting. This can be done through continuous development of staff and relates to the National Care Standards, Standard 12, Confidence in Staff, Scottish Executive (2006) where it states a setting has an effective system for identifying and monitoring staff development needs. Hay lists another of Hodgkinsons views of differences between manager and leader as managers being more concerned with material resources rather than human resources. The leader in this setting is highly involved with her team showing excellent human resource management by allowing each member of the team to develop through on-going training and personal development without impacting on daily routines and allowing team members to use their own individual abilities and talents to benefit the group. Through effective teamwork, leaders can share with her team knowledge and skills, provide support and helpful feedback and in return gain the trust and support of the group and continue to produce a high standard of service. Dawson (2000) HMIE (2008) report that the staff in this setting were fully involved in systematically reviewing, evaluating and improving the nursery. This positive involvement helps to produce the high quality service that this setting provides and also relates to Standard 14 of the National Care Standards, Well managed Service. Scottish Executive (2006) Effective leaders will work with the team, examine their setting and holistically reflect with a view to change or improvement. This reflection will include analysing individual actions, actions of the group or individuals, routines or policies and most importantly analysing if the childrens learning experiences are adequate and can help an early years setting to move forward in terms of the quality of service provided. This setting does this through staff, children and parent involvement and they have received positive comments from HMIE. Reflective practice also relates to The Child at the Centre, 9.4 Leadership and improvement and change and the Codes of Practice for Social Service Workers and Employers. Staff in this setting are all registered with Scottish Social Services Council and work within the Codes of Practice, a list of statements describing professional conduct and practice expected within any setting. I agree with Rodd and Hay that effective leadership requires individuals to be equipped with both management and leadership skills and qualities. The successful, efficient running of an early years setting requires leaders to be able to balance factors of work, legislation and quality in the setting with the commitment to look after the people they need and work with.

The Importance of Communication in the Turnaround of SAS Essay

The Importance of Communication in the Turnaround of SAS Definition of communication Communication is the exchange of messages between peoples for the purpose of achieving common meaning. Or it can define as the process by which information is exchanged and understood by two or more people. A fundamental of principles communication is that the symbols the sender uses to communicate messages must have essentially the same meaning in both the sender’s and receiver’s minds. Purpose of communication People communicate with each other in order to get the messages they need, and utilize them for the further use, but what’s business communication different from general communication. It’s not just getting message for uses, but data involving in operating the tasks as well. The purpose of communication can be divided into specific purpose as follow: - To convey information: - To explain the nature and implications for the business: - To establish rules for dealing with different situations: - To stimulate action: - To create relationships between the members of the organization: - To form collective decisions and render them generally acceptable: - To instruct: instruction manual for operating a computer: - To evaluate: performance appraisal records: - To meet human and cultural needs: Communication breakdown You can never assume that the message in your mind will be perfectly transmitted to your receiver. We need to identify different patterns of communications and we need to draw conclusions about the most and the least effective patterns of communication, and report their evaluation to avoid misunderstanding. Communication breakdown happens when the recipient don’t receive the meaning of the message or interpret the message as the different meaning from what sender tries to encode. Communication breakdown can be seen from absences of decoding from the recipient. Factors of communication breakdown: - Physical distraction : it happens when something bother the communication and lead recipient or sender from transferring the information. Example: when someone is talking to you and suddenly your cell phone ring. - Different channel/medium: Sender should choose the appropriate channel/ medium to assure that the information could be reach by the recipient. This involves adjusting the channel/ medium with ... ...!† thus Carlzon reinforces both verbally and nonverbal that he really means what it says in the red book. Furthermore, top management is willing to support the front line. To celebrate the initial turnaround, Carlzon sent every one of the 20,000 employees a gold wristwatch. Since then, major efforts to communicate with employees have helped SAS earn an international reputation for good service. As the success of SAS, I’ve suggested that good communication and associated interpersonal processes in organizations are important ingredients of organizational effectiveness. Although effective communication is critical to all management functions, it is particularly vital to the leading function because it provides a necessary conduit for efforts to interact with and influence others. Carlzon uses communication and interpersonal processes well to nurture SAS unique culture. Thus, effective communication between individuals or within a group is the element that can lead the company go through the crisis and to the brightness. It is also the basis for the company to implement the compatible and harmony environment and enhance its productive force among the industries.

Bobs World :: essays research papers

Bob's World "Bobby," yelled his mother in a shrill voice. "Bobby, you have to get up and go to school today!" "But mom, I have to work at school and I can't watch TV there," Bob pleaded. "Besides I get the lowest marks in my class because the work is so easy that I get bored." "Just come and have your breakfast and go to school," she ordered him. As Bob headed towards school, he saw one of his friends skateboarding down the street. "Yo Bob, you wanna try my board, man?" the youth asked. "No thanks, my knee is acting up again," Bob replied. "Sure man, whatever you say dude," was the reply he got as the youth skated away at top speed. "Hi Bob," came the voice of Lucille as she came up to walk to school with him. "Hi Lucille," Bob replied shyly. Bob and Lucille were good friends. Bob wished that they could go out on a date but, he knew there was several reasons why they would not make a good couple. First Lucille had told him that she did not like it if her boyfriend was a lot smarter and better at sports than her. After-all they were so different. She worked so hard to get stuff done while he needed very little time if any at all. She was the captain of the soccer and basketball teams while, if his knee was better, he could beat her at any sport. He knew they were just so different they were fated not to be together. The two friends chatted their way to school. She talked about her sports games and practices and how much homework she had while he talked about the TV shows he had watched. When they got to school they said their good-bye's -- she had trigonometry and he had basic computers. As the teacher started her usual rant about this and that, Bob turned to his brilliant (like him) friend John when he said. "Hey man didn't I see you walking with that Lucille chick?" John asked him. "Ya I mean she isn't smart or as good at sports like you and me but I like her anyway," Bob replied. "But Bob man, she just smacks of effort, how does one person do so much work?" John asked Bob. "I know that is a serious letdown, doing stuff sucks, I don't know why she does it," Bob used his usual drowsy voice.

Installation Art and Architecture Essay

Architecture has produced works that was revered, respected and something that captured the awe of the people for years. It was the source of something beautiful and even artistic. It was because of architecture that the likes of the Parthenon, as well as the other majestic palaces and cathedrals and other structures – things that people have considered as artistic and beautiful – was created and later enthroned in the annals of what is beautiful and what is artistic. Architecture has endured for years, but the growth of the practice of architecture also made it possible for the creation of other disciplines from which what is beautiful and artistic would be derived from. One of the things that were always placed side by side with architecture today, when it comes to the consideration of art and beauty inside space and location, is installation art. Over the years, installation art has become widespread and gained popularity. But the spread of installation art has one serious repercussion – its act of intrusion in the realm of architecture, an act of intrusion that is not harmoniously creative but is sometimes destructive too. There maybe instances wherein the collaboration and fusion of architecture and installation art can produce something that exudes harmonized beauty and reflect certain artistic values and content. What captures the attention of professionals is how installation art appears to be more inclined in attacking the space and the features of architecture, either as part of its overall artistic outlook or just because this is a necessary characteristic for installation art to fully manifest itself. This has been an important point of argument since installation art has emerged. There are those who believe that the two disciplines exist in harmony together while there are those who believe otherwise. Because of this, the paper will try to discuss and analyse what the relationship is between installation art and architecture, how art invades architectural space, when and how art and architecture intersect and what will be the result of the collaboration of art and architecture. The Evolution of Installation Art Installation art, as the name implies, is all about a work of art that was installed in a particular place. It maybe a simple object or a collection of objects, that occupies very little space. It can be something – a sight or visual cue that can make the audience feel as if they were transformed in another place because of the broadness of the reach, physically, of the installation art that a whole new environment was created because of installation art. There are many different components that may make up a work of art considered as installation art (since anything that can be installed in a place can be a part of installation art). From video presentations to exhibited photographs, sculpture and other artworks, these all contribute to make installation art what it is and to help installation art achieve its goal, and that is to transform a particular place in such a way that what was achieved was the experience and sensory cues that the artist(s) wanted or anticipated in the creation of installation art. Installation art, like any other art styles, genres and movements have beginnings in different countries and many places around the world proved amenable to the growth, patronage and continued development of installation art (Childs, Storry, 1999, p. 273). Considered as a genre or art movement that is still under the contemporary art era, installation art was felt as early as the seventies. A very good example of some of the earliest installation art include the latrine turned fountain by Marcel Duchamp entitled â€Å"Fountain†, a work of art that was controversial and sensational largely because of what it presented and the social taboos and conventions that it challenged during its release. Joining Duchamp as some of the earliest proponents of installation art includes Kurt Schwitters, as well as the Gutai group, an art group that was situated outside of the US and in Japan, and the American Allan Kaprow. These individuals are just some of the prominent individuals in installation art – browsing intensively through the history of installation art. Research would reveal several other individuals who participated in the establishment and growth of installation art around the world (Childs, Storry, 1999, p. 273). Kaprow was considered as one of the artists who helped guide the idea of installation art towards what it is today. He has postulated many different ideas that concretized the concept of installation art since its early years. Kaprow’s idea about environmental art contributed towards the development of installation art as how it is known today. By the start of the last two decades of the 20th century, installation art was already known in many parts of the world, including European countries (Childs, Storry, 1999, p. 273). â€Å"The term installation art has been in common use since at least the mid-1980s and ‘installations’ have become familiar sights in British museums and galleries in the 1990s (Childs, Storry, p273). † Besides Kaprow, there is also the famous installation art pioneer, Ilya Kabakov, who was also instrumental in developing installation art. Together with Kaprow, Kabarov helped in bringing installation art closer to the people, as well as to the artists by using the academe and including installation art in what they teach in school so that students will understand installation art better and maybe even contribute to installation art in the future (Al-Qawasmi, De Velasco, 2006, p. 117). â€Å"Two of the key coiners of installation art are Allan Kaprow and Ilya Kabakov. Both artists not only made art installation but they also introduced the practice into academia (Al-Qawasmi, De Velasco, 2006, p. 117). † Kabakov and Kaprow and their role in the introduction of installation art in the consciousness of art students learning in the academe is instrumental in the growth of installation art, which , in one way brought installation art and architecture closer together. The idea behind the creation of the discipline that would be known as installation art lies on the belief of the artists that there are other ways that can be explored. The viewing experience of the people who are trying to appreciate art is something that the audience can experience, detect and maximize (Kronenburg, 2003, p. 229). The physical attributes of the place contributes in making the artistic exhibition what it was, therefore, bringing the artworks and the experience closer to the people and helping them identify with their selves better while being immersed in the art they are witnessing in installation art exhibits. â€Å"Installation art attempts to reduce the boundaries between the viewer and the viewed and bring the artists’ ideas to a situation where they can be communicated more directly (Kronenburg, 2003, p. 229). † From lifting from available materials, installation art experienced an important change when television and video recording was introduced. It allowed the artists more diversity in their works and allowed more ways and means for the artwork to be presented to the public. Because of this new technology, installation art was able to add a new dimension to itself. Today, video has been an integral part of installation art anywhere in the world. Artists, like Martin Firrell and Jenny Holzer, are some of the installation art specialists who are known to use the technologies, videos and digital presentation. Over time, the support for installation art, its ideas and the discipline, grew. Many entities like the Museum of Installation located in London, as well as the Mattress Factory in the United States, sounded their support for the growth of installation art as a separate and independent movement in the world of art. This is concretized by the growth of the artists immersed in this style. There are many installation art works to come out of England. One example is the work entitled Neon Rice Fields exhibited in 1993 by an artist from Vietnam who was already based in Great Britain named Vong Phaophanit (Childs, Storry, 1999, p. 273). This also signifies the relevance of the countries, too, that supported installation art. For example, the British prides itself with several artists, some of them are not even born in that country. However, because of the artistic atmosphere in the country, even foreign born artists are now based there because of how the country creates a local artistic community that is amenable for the art and the artists. Part of the development and evolution of installation art is the introduction of this particular art form in the academe. By being introduced to the academic world and being studied and used by professionals, it was a way of awarding installation art a sense of legitimacy in the art world, like giving it its rightful place in the world of art. And an important point in the discussion of the intersection of installation art and architecture can be seen in the discussion of installation art in the academe, although historians are not quite sure when this began (Al-Qawasmi, De Velasco, 2006, p. 117). â€Å"It is difficult to trace the exact history and point of departure for using installations in architectural education (Al-Qawasmi, De Velasco, 2006, p. 117). â€Å" Some observers believed that when installation art was introduced in the academe, it was placed inside the educational system for learning architecture, placing installation art as a part and not something greater than architecture. Notably, installation art was greatly embraced in the realm of architecture, even in the academic realm. â€Å"Installation practice in architecture schools is growing both in undergraduate and diploma studies as well as postgraduate research (Al-Qawasmi, De Velasco, 2006, p, 117). † Role of Installation Art Installation art is here because of a particular reason; one of the reasons is the role which artists believe installation art has. Often, it is the role of message-sending, addressing issues that can be as broad as socio-political issues or even personal issues; the focus is on the individual and the realization of the individual/audience after being exposed to the installation art (Al-Qawasmi, De Velasco, 2006, p. 117). â€Å"Some practice installation as urban interventions to question cultural or socio-political issues (Al-Qawasmi, De Velasco, 2006, p. 117). † Here is an example. If you would one day happen to see a sculpture of an image of a polar bear sitting under a very small pack of ice placed on the sidewalk, placed there by the artist, it may mean that the artist is trying to send a socio-cultural message that is environmental in nature (i. e. tackling the issue of global warming and how the work of art represents the effects and changes that will happen to the planet if global warming remains unchecked and unresolved, and that would include the loss of natural habitats of animals in the polar regions and the displacement of animals inside locales they are not known to thrive in the first place). Another good example is the work of British artist Michael Landy. Landy became more popular after his Breakdown installation art which he held at the C&A building located in London. He protested about consumerism through his art – composed of installation and performance art that saw Landy bringing in his possessions on sight and burning it in front of the audience (Walford, 2001). Installation Art: Rise and Recognition The emergence of installation art as a specific discipline in the world of art has gained notable rise and earned the recognition of the authorities in the field of art. Today, there are many reputable organizations, as well as award giving bodies, that acknowledge installation art and their significance. For example, â€Å"the Turner Prize shortlists have increasingly included such work (installation art) by British or British-based artists including Vong Phaophanit, Douglas Gordon and Rachel Whiteread (Childs, Storry, 1999, p. 273). † These award giving bodies and the recognition that they give to installation art and the artists of installation art, helped cement the place of installation art. It also helped the artists in the local and international community, contributing to the growth of installation art. This is important in the rise and recognition of installation art. How Installation Art Invades Architectural Space Architecture thrived because there were available spaces that were transformed through the use of construction and the implementation of design and creation policies and concepts exclusive to architecture. Because of that, architecture cannot be considered as creating physical outputs that are intrusive towards existing objects that occupied space to where they would encroach. Architecture did not encroach because the buildings were made atop a land previously featureless. If there were any buildings before architectural efforts were made, it was considered as an act of improvement for the previously placed structure, which is made by architecture. Regardless of how old the type of architecture would be, still, it is architecture. The case is different with installation art because installation art places itself inside the design of architecture – designs which did not accommodate such features, and sometimes, will not accommodate such features. And when this happens, installation art invades architectural space. For example, public parks where installation arts are in place can be considered as an act of destroying the concept of what is beautiful. This is because an alien thing was added to the park, a feature that was not planned to be there in the first place, ergo giving the people the chance to redefine what a beautiful park is– was it the one with the installation art or the one without it? Even if installation artists argue that installation art has aesthetic value, design is not a simple mathematics of putting one beautiful thing inside another beautiful thing and the automatic result is a beautiful and artistic thing. Sometimes, the combination of two separate, beautiful and artistic things may not be a harmonious endeavour. The characteristic of one of the two will be affected by how the other will minimize, alter or damage the original state of the half of the two, making the union sometimes just beneficial to one and disastrous to the other. Installation Art, Architecture and Purpose An important aspect in the analysis of architecture and installation art and the times the two are intersecting each other and invading each other’s space is hinged on purpose – the purpose of the artist and the purpose of the person who allowed the creation of the installation art or architecture (or both), which is usually the artist’s financier or benefactor. What is the purpose of the installation art and what is the purpose of architecture? This will take a long discussion starting with the origins of the two. Architecture was primarily created so that the creation of a functional structure (both permanent and temporary) can also feature aesthetics at the same time. However, the creation places more importance to functionality and usability than beauty and aesthetics. Installation art, on the other hand, is hinged strongly on artistic background. The focus of installation art is art itself and not functionality. Therefore, when the two collide in a single space, there is a fight between which should prevail in the space – is it architecture and its functionality or installation art and it’s more artistic and aesthetic purpose? For those who give installation art a space, their main reason is its humanistic impact on the viewer – art appreciation, and even detoxification from stress through the beauty in art. An ideal example is Spaceplace created by Maurice Agis and Peter Jones, which was created for its non-functional purpose and yet the artists believe that there is an important role of the installation art nonetheless. This is found in how the artwork impacts the audience, particularly in the personal level depending on how the artwork affects the audience/viewer (Kronenburg, 2003, p. 229). They are the first to admit that Spaceplace is more aesthetic than traditional functional; critics and observers believed that such was the case (Kronenburg, 2003, p. 229). â€Å"The aim of Spaceplace was to create a new environment based on aesthetically controlled considerations rather than conventional functional issues (Kronenburg, 2003, p. 229). † This is a clear differentiation of installation art and architecture. Spaceplace was purely installation art. The sole functionality of this is to affect the audience/people and not to be something that should be used in a manner that architectural works are utilized for their functionality. It may not be functional based on what â€Å"functional† is often understood (i. e. something that has practical use or something that is useful) but its effect on the audience/people is nonetheless important. Spaceplace is â€Å"an installation that explored the relationship between simple rectangular forms in order to create abstract non-functional spaces that were†¦ related to the human body. The work was an attempt by the artists to provide a foil to the chaotic spaces of everyday human activity (Kronenburg, 2003, p. 229). † The artists added that the other purpose of this particular installation art is to have the audience’s sensory activity stimulated in a positive way (Kronenburg, 2003, p. 229). Often, architecture and installation art does not cross each other’s path. The invasion of the space allotted for the two are often separate, especially when there are spaces that are allotted for art works and there are spaces allotted for strictly architectural endeavors and works. For one, practical and functional creations are often delegated to architectural works; while installation art is often given space only inside art galleries which allots space for art forms like installation art and not to architecture. Take for example, Maurice Agis’s Spaceplace – it is an installation art that required the use of a large space. The art gallery gave them this space, therefore, making it unnecessary for the installation art to invade architectural spaces because they have their own space wherein they can showcase themselves. â€Å"The installation therefore relied totally on the provision of a separate shelter environment in the form of gallery space (Kronenburg, 2003, p. 229). † But this situation was actually met with negativity especially by the artists because the artists like Agis himself believes that confining the installation art in gallery spaces actually pushes the artworks farther from the public and the public experience, which was the main goal of the installation art in the first place.